Human biomonitoring initiative (HBM4EU): Human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs) derived for cadmium and its compounds

The methodology agreed within the framework of HBM4EU project is used in this work to derive HBM-GVs for general population (HBM-GVGenPop) and workers (HBM-GVWorker) exposed cadmium (Cd) its compounds. For Cd, a significant number epidemiological studies with dose–response relationships are available, particular kidney effects. These effects described terms relation between urinary Cd (U-Cd) or blood (B-Cd) levels low molecular weight proteinuria (LMWP) markers like beta-2-microglobulin (?2M) retinol-binding protein (RBP). In order workers, an assessment data from evaluations conducted by national international organisations was undertaken. work, it appeared relevant select renal as critical effect both groups, however, differences (including sensitive people) (considered homogenous adults who should not be if they suffer diseases) required selection different key (i.e. HBM-GVGenPop at workplace HBM-GVWorker). U-Cd, 1 µg/g creatinine (creat) recommended older than 50 years, based on robust meta-analysis performed EFSA (EFSA, 2009a). To take into account accumulation human body throughout life, threshold ‘alert’ values according age were estimated U-Cd. At workplace, HBM-GVWorker 2 ?g/g creat derived study Chaumont et al., (2011) addition recommendation HBM-GVworker B-Cd 5 µg/L also proposed. U-Cd similar biological limit value (BLV) set new amendment European Carcinogens Mutagens Directive June 2019 (2 U-Cd).